Official Publication of the Minnesota State Bar Association


Vol. 62, No. 4 | April 2005
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Needing Protection From the Protectors
By David Stowman


Since
September 11, 2001, the tension between individual liberties and presidential powers has heightened and the battle continues in the courts.

On that fateful day, hijacked jetliners hit the World Trade Center in New York and the Pentagon outside Washington.  A fourth airplane crashed into a field in Pennsylvania.  In the name of jihad or holy war, the perpetrators committed heinous acts for what they believed to be a noble cause.  It was the Crusades in reverse.

The first response of most Americans was shock, followed by disbelief and fear of additional attacks.  Those emotions were replaced by anger, and a reflexive inclination to retaliate.  The impulse was to bomb them back to the Stone Age, but whom would we attack?  Suspects included “the evil empire,” “the axis of evil” and just plain “evildoers.” In striving to define the enemy, American policy makers blurred the line between who had attacked our country and who might do so. Saddam Hussein, who had previously without provocation invaded Kuwait, had been seen as a potential threat to American interests ever since.  Scrutiny of his regime intensified.

Preemptive warfare became the new policy and millions of tons of munitions were dropped in a campaign of “shock and awe.” The number of Iraqis killed has been estimated to be in the hundreds of thousands.  Granted, there were some missteps in analyzing intelligence about weapons of mass destruction (WMD), but our country did rid the world of a tyrant whose policies also resulted in the death of a lot of Iraqi citizens.

It is a short slide on a slippery slope to go from preemptive invasion of a sovereign nation to depriving American citizens of their liberty, if the justification for both is to prevent attacks on our homeland. This brings us to the case of Jose Padilla, who has been imprisoned for nearly three years without being charged.

This natural-born U.S. citizen was no choir boy.  By the time he was in his early teens, he was running with the Latin Kings — a notorious Chicago street gang, had spent time in juvenile detention facilities, and as an adult served the better part of a year behind bars.  About 1992, he converted to Islam and had no further criminal records until his arrest on May 8, 2002.  Federal authorities allege that in the late 1990s he attended an al Qaeda training camp in Afghanistan, later learned about bomb making, and hatched a plot to attack the United States with a “dirty bomb.”  On his return to the United States he was arrested on a warrant as a material witness in Chicago.  From there, he was taken to New York and a public defender was appointed, but before any action was taken on his behalf, the rules of the game changed dramatically.  The arrest warrant was vacated and he was turned over to Defense Department officials, then incarcerated at a military brig in South Carolina.  The president declared him an enemy combatant and, with that, Padilla was deprived of the right to counsel and other protections ordinarily guaranteed to citizens under the Constitution.

The government argues that under the 6th Amendment, the right to counsel does not apply until charges are filed; granted, the government has not charged Padilla. Ordinarily, U.S. citizens cannot be detained without charge, but the administration has striven to distinguish Padilla an “enemy combatant,” then proclaimed that the court may not second-guess this designation.

By way of a circuitous route through the courts, the case came before Henry F. Floyd, a federal judge in South Carolina and a 2003 Bush appointee, who ordered the administration to release the prisoner within 45 days or bring charges against him.  The Justice Department is appealing.

Padilla may be guilty of treason or other crimes, but that is not the point.  He has been incarcerated for about 35 months with no charges, no indictment, no trial, no due process of law and, for the most part, no right to counsel.  That’s the way things were done in Chile under General Pinochet and in the Soviet Union under Stalin.  Padilla and all Americans deserve better.

One must step back and ask what we are fighting for. America focuses on the fight against terrorism, but she is fighting for freedoms guaranteed by the Constitution.

The principle advanced by the administration amounts to an assertion that the executive branch can serve as judge, jury, and jailer in cases involving terrorist suspects.  However, that power cannot be found in the Constitution. The Bill of Rights does not come with an asterisk reading “Unenforceable during a war on terrorism.”

Granted, Congress can suspend the writ of habeas corpus under very narrow circumstances, but that has not happened.  Instead, the president has unilaterally stripped Padilla of his rights, holding him without even the semblance of due process. 

The threat of terrorism represents a danger, but unchecked presidential power also represents a great danger to the rights of American people.  If the power to arrest Americans for terrorism and punish them without federal court interference is upheld by the courts, the lives of our citizens will be changed forever in ways unimaginable.  No one will be safe from arrest, including government critics, lawyers, dissidents, and those found to be unpatriotic or thought to be evil.  Any person deemed to be an “enemy combatant” and taken into military custody will have no recourse but to depend on the “good faith” of the administration.

Americans need protection from the protectors. An impartial judge, not the president, should make the ultimate decision as to whether the arrest and imprisonment comport with the Constitution.  James Madison, in Federalist No. 47, put it succinctly:

“The accumulation of all powers, legislative, executive, and judiciary, in the same hands … may justly be pronounced the very definition of tyranny.”


DAVID STOWMAN of Detroit Lakes is president of the MSBA, a certified civil trial specialist, and a top 100 SuperLawyer.  He concentrates his practice in products liability and personal injury law and related litigation.